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Elam
Elam () was an ancient Pre-Iranic civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name ''Elam'' stems from the Sumerian transliteration ''elam(a)'', along with the later Akkadian ''elamtu'', and the Elamite ''haltamti.'' Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East.〔Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 3〕 In classical literature, Elam was more often referred to as Susiana a name derived from its capital, Susa. However, Susiana is not synonymous with Elam and, in its early history, was a distinctly separate cultural and political entity.〔Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)〕
Elam was part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history, where slightly earlier records have been found. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands.〔Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 4〕 Its culture played a crucial role during the Persian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded Elam, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally accepted to be a language isolate.
==Etymology==
The Elamites called their country ''Haltamti'', Sumerian ''ELAM'', Akkadian ''Elamû'', female ''Elamītu'' "resident of Susiana, Elamite".
The high country of Elam was increasingly identified by its low-lying later capital, Susa. Geographers after Ptolemy called it ''Susiana''. The Elamite civilization was primarily centered in the province of what is modern-day Khuzestān and Ilam in prehistoric times. The modern provincial name Khuzestān is derived from the Persian name for Susa: Old Persian ''Hūjiya'' "Elam" (),〔 in Middle Persian ''Huź'' "Susiana", which gave modern Persian ''Xuz'', compounded with -''stån'' "place" (cf. ''Sistan'' "Saka-land").
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